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The Land of Israel ( ''ʼÉreṣ Yiśrāʼēl'', ''Eretz Yisrael'') is one of several names for an area of indefinite geographical extension in the Southern Levant. Related biblical, religious and historical English terms include the Land of Canaan, the Promised Land, the Holy Land, and Palestine (q.v. Israel (disambiguation)). The definitions of the limits of this territory vary between passages in the Hebrew Bible, with specific mentions in Genesis 15, Exodus 23, Numbers 34 and Ezekiel 47. Nine times elsewhere in the Bible, the settled land is referred as "from Dan to Beersheba, and three times it is referred as "from the entrance of Hamath unto the brook of Egypt” (1 Kings 8:65, 1 Chronicles 13:5 and 2 Chronicles 7:8).". These biblical limits for the land differ from the borders of established historical Israelite and later Jewish kingdoms; over time these have included the United Kingdom of Israel, the two separated kingdoms of Israel (Samaria) and Judah, the Hasmonean Kingdom, and the Herodian Kingdom, which at their heights ruled lands with similar but not identical boundaries. The Jewish religious belief that the area is a God-given inheritance of the Jewish people is based on the Torah, particularly in the books of Genesis and Exodus, as well as in the later Prophets. According to the Book of Genesis, the land was first promised by God to the descendants of Abram; the text is explicit that this is a covenant between God and Abram for his descendants. Abram's name was later changed to Abraham, with the promise refined to pass through his son Isaac and to the Israelites, descendants of Jacob, Abraham's grandson. This belief is not shared by most adherents of replacement theology (or supersessionism), who hold the view that the Old Testament prophecies were superseded by the coming of Jesus,〔Michael J. Vlach, ( ''Has the Church Replaced Israel?: A Theological Evaluation,'' ) B&H Publishing Group, 2010 pp.3-5.〕 a view often repudiated by Christian Zionists as a theological error.〔Stephen Spector,( ''Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism,'' ) Oxford University Press, 2009 p.21.〕 Evangelical Zionists variously claim that Israel has title to the land by divine right,〔Donald E. Wagner, Walter T. Davis, (''Zionism and the Quest for Justice in the Holy Land,'' ) The Lutterworth Press, 2014 p.161.〕 or by a theological, historical and moral grounding of attachment to the land unique to Judaism (James Parkes),〔Anthony J. Kenny, (''Catholics, Jews, and the State of Israel,'' ) Paulist Press, 1993 pp.75-78.〕 The idea that ancient religious texts can be warrant or divine right for a modern claim has often been challenged,〔Michael Prior, (''The Bible and Colonialism: A Moral Critique,'' ) A&C Black 1997 p.171: ‘As an agent of legitimacy in international law, the Zionist appeal to Tanakh for legitimation of its claims to Eretz Israel is not much more compelling than if the Portuguese and Spanish Governments today presented to the UN the bulls off Nicholas V and Alexander VI, which also claimed divine authority, in their bid to reclaim the lands of the New World. p.171.〕〔Ian Bickerton, ( ''The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Guide for the Perplexed,'' ) A&C Black, 2012 p.13.〕 and Israeli courts have rejected land claims based on religious motivations.〔Eugene Cotran, Chibli Mallat, David Stott, (eds.) (''The Arab-Israeli Accords: Legal Perspectives,'' ) BRILL, 1996 pp.11-12.〕 During the mandatory period (1920-1948) the term "Eretz Yisrael" or the "Land of Israel" was part of the official Hebrew name of Mandatory Palestine. Official Hebrew documents used the Hebrew transliteration of the word “Palestine” פלשתינה (Palestina) followed always by the two initial letters of "Eretz Yisrael", א״י Aleph-Yod.〔The Holy Land in History and Thought: Papers Submitted to the International conference edited by Moše Šārôn〕〔Israel Cohen, A Short History of Zionism, p.96, London, Frederick Muller Co., 1951〕 The Land of Israel concept has been evoked by the founders of the State of Israel. It often surfaces in political debates on the status of the West Bank, which is referred to in official Israeli discourse as Judea and Samaria, from the names of the two historical Jewish kingdoms. == Etymology and biblical roots == The term "Land of Israel" is a direct translation of the Hebrew phrase (''Eretz Yisrael''), which occurs occasionally in the Bible, and is first mentioned in the Tanakh at , following the Exodus when the Israelite tribes were already in the Land of Canaan.〔Keith W. Whitelam, (''The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History,'' ) (1996) Routledge 2013, page 43.〕 The words are used sparsely in the Bible: King David is ordered to gather 'strangers to the land of Israel'(''hag-gêrîm ’ăšer, bə’ereṣ yiśrā’êl'') for building purposes ()), and the same phrasing is used is reference to King Solomon's census of all of the 'strangers in the Land of Israel' (). Ezekiel, though generally preferring the phrase 'soil of Israel' (''’admat yiśrā’êl''), employs ''eretz israel'' twice, respectively at and .〔Joseph Blenkinsopp, (Ezekiel, Westminster John Knox Press, 1990 ), p.152: Quote: "It may be surprising to learn that the designation “the land of Israel” (''’ereṣ yiśrā’êl''), in common use today, occurs for the first time in Ezekiel (40:2; 47:18) and very rarely elsewhere (I Chron. 22:2; II Chron. 2:17), apart from the more restrictive allusion to the Northern Kingdom. By preference, however, Ezekiel speaks of the "soil of Israel" (''’admat yiśrā’êl''), a phrase that occurs eighteen times in the book and nowhere else in the Hebrew Bible. (The title “holy land," literally “holy soil”, used preferentially by Christians, occurs only once, at Zech. 2:12.)"〕 According to Martin Noth, the term is not an "authentic and original name for this land", but instead serves as "a somewhat flexible description of the area which the Israelite tribes had their settlements". According to Anita Shapira, the term "Eretz Yisrael" was a holy term, vague as far as the exact boundaries of the territories are concerned but clearly defining ownership.〔Anita Shapira, 1992, ''Land and Power'', ISBN 0-19-506104-7, p. ix〕 The sanctity of the land (''kedushat ha-aretz'') developed rich associations in rabbinical thought,〔Bradley Shavit Artson, 'Our Covenant with Stones: A Jewish Ecology of Earth,' in ''Judaism and Envirobnmental Ehics: A Reader,''Lexington Books, 2001 pp.161-171,p.162〕 where it assumes a highly symbolic and mythological status infused with promise, though always connected to a geographical location.〔Michael L. Satlow, ''Creating Judaism: History, Tradition, Practice,'' (p.160 ), Columbia University Press, 2006.〕 Nur Masalha argues that the biblical boundaries are "entirely fictitious", and bore simply religious connotations in Diaspora Judaism, with the term only coming into ascendency with the rise of Zionism. The Hebrew Bible provides three specific sets of borders for the "Promised Land", each with a different purpose. Neither of the terms "Promised Land" (Ha'Aretz HaMuvtahat) or "Land of Israel" are used in these passages: , and use the term "the land" (ha'aretz), as does in which it is promised explicitly to "Abraham, Isaac and Jacob... and to their descendants after them," whilst describes the "Land of Canaan" (Eretz Kna'an) which is allocated to nine and half of the twelve Israelite tribes after the Exodus. The expression "Land of Israel" is first used in a later book, . It is defined in detail in the exilic Book of Ezekiel as a land where both the twelve tribes and the "strangers in (their) midst", can claim inheritance.〔Rachel Havrelock, ''River Jordan: The Mythology of a Dividing Line,''University of Chicago Press, 2011, p.21.〕 The name "Israel" first appears in the Hebrew Bible as the name given by God to the patriarch Jacob (). Deriving from the name "Israel", other designations that came to be associated with the Jewish people have included the "Children of Israel" or "Israelite". The term 'Land of Israel' (γῆ Ἰσραήλ) occurs in one episode in the New Testament (Matthew 2:20–21), where, according to Shlomo Sand, it bears the unusual sense of 'the area surrounding Jerusalem'. The section in which it appears was written as a parallel to the earlier Book of Exodus. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Land of Israel」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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